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Showing posts with label Surgery. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Surgery. Show all posts

Friday, April 25, 2014

Hernia (Angin Pasang)

Hernia (Angin Pasang):

Pengenalan
Hernia berlaku apabila kandungan dalam satu-satu ruang badan (biasanya abdomen) membonjol keluar daripada kawasan yang biasa mereka berada. Kandungan ini biasanya adalah sebahagian usus atau tisu lemak abdomen yang dilapisi oleh lapisan nipis (membran) yang juga akan membentuk kantung hernia/hernia sac. Ia dikenali dengan angin pasang surut kerana sifat bonjolan itu dapat dilihat dan ada masa tidak. Sifat ini dalam bahasa perubatan dikenali sebagai 'reducible'.


Jenis-jenis Hernia (Angin Pasang)
  1. Inguinal hernia: Berlaku di bahagian kelangkang. Tujuh puluh lima peratus hernia adalah dari jenis ini. Ia 25 kali lebih kerap berlaku kepada lelaki berbanding wanita. Hernia jenis ini boleh dibahagikan kepada 2 jenis iaitu langsung dan tidak langsung. Keduanya dibezakan melalui sedikit perbezaan berdasarkan kepada punca kejadian mereka. Kedua-duanya boleh kelihatan serupa semasa membonjol di kawasan kelangkang. Membezakan antara keduanya adalah amat penting semasa membuat diagnosa klinikal.
    • Angin Pasang tidak langsung: Hernia akibat bonjolan bila mana kandungan bonjolan terkeluar melalui jalan yang pernah dilalui oleh testes (buah pelir) semasa perkembangan di peringkat janin dahulu. (Ketika peringkat awal janin, buah pelir berada di dalam abdomen dan semasa perkembangan, ia turun ke bawah sehingga masuk ke dalam buah zakar). Jalan ini biasanya tertutup sebelum bayi lahir tetapi boleh menjadi tempat berlakunya hernia kemudian hari. Hernia ini boleh berlaku di semua peringkat umur. Kadangkala kantung hernia boleh membonjol sehingga ke dalam buah zakar.
    • Angin Pasang langsung: Hernia ini berlaku pada kawasan di mana dinding abdomen agak kurang tebal. Ia biasanya tidak menonjol ke dalam skrotum. Tidak seperti hernia tidak langsung yang boleh berlaku di semua peringkat umur, Hernia langsung ini cenderung berlaku  kepada mereka yang berada di peringkat pertengahan umur dan orang tua disebabkan dinding abdomen menjadi semakin lemah bila umur meningkat.
  2. Hernia femoral: Saluran femoral adalah jalan di mana salur darah arteri, vena dan saraf femoral keluar daripada abdomen untuk memasuki kawasan peha. Biasanya saluran ini ketat dan padat, tetapi kadangkala ia menjadi besar untuk membolehkan kandungan abdomen menonjol ke dalam saluran tersebut. Hernia femoral menyebabkan bonjolan di bahagian bawah lipatan kelangkang, di kawasan tengah peha. Biasanya berlaku kepada wanita dan lebih berisiko untuk tidak bersifat pasang surut/irreducible dimana ia tidak boleh ditolak masuk.
  3. Hernia hirisan: Pembedahan abdomen boleh mengakibatkan dinding abdomen berubah dari segi struktur terutama di bahagian yang dihiris. Ia  menyebabkan kawasan bekas hirisan ini menjadi lemah. Hernia boleh terjadi pada bahagian yang lemah ini. Ia berlaku dalam 2%-10% pembedahan abdomen.
Penyebab Hernia (Angin Pasang)
Hernia yang berlaku di kalangan warga tua samada disebabkan oleh adanya jalan yang terbentuk semasa perkembangan fetus, bukaan sedia ada di dalam ruang abdomen atau kawasan dinding abdomen lemah oleh sebab sesuatu keadaan.
Apa jua keadaan yang menyebabkan peningkatan tekanan dalam ruang abdomen boleh menyumbang kepada pembentukan hernia atau menerukkan lagi hernia. Contoh termasuk:
  • Obesiti,
  • Mengangkat objek berat,
  • Batuk,
  • Meneran semasa buang air besar atau kecil
  • Penyakit paru-paru kronik dan,
  • Ada cecair di dalam ruang abdomen.
Gejala, tanda-tanda dan komplikasi hernia(angin pasang)
Gejala dan tanda-tanda hernia adalah berbagai-bagai. Ia boleh jadi ringan iaitu seseorang mengadu menghidapi bonjolan yang tidak sakit yang timbul apabila berdiri atau batuk atau meneran dan masuk balik bila berbaring atau ditolak masuk dengan tangan.
Ada yang datang dengan gejala dan tanda-tanda yang teruk seperti bonjolan yang sakit, tidak boleh disentuh apa lagi ditekan masuk balik ke dalam ruang abdomen, kulit luar mungkin kelihatan merah kehitaman dan pesakit mungkin demam. Ini adalah akibat kandungan bonjolan seperti usus telah mengalami kekurangan bekalan darah akibat himpitan (jerutan) salur darah biasanya di lubang bukaan hernia. Ia dikenali sebagai angin pasang terbelit (strangulated hernia).
  • Angin pasang surut
    • Ia boleh muncul sebagai bonjolan baru di bahagian kelangkang atau kawasan abdomen lain.
    • Seorang boleh rasa sakit/senak sedikit tetapi biasanya sentuhan pada bonjolan tidak menyebabkan rasa sakit.
    • Bonjolan akan timbul atau bertambah saiz bila berdiri atau bila tekanan dalam abdomen bertambah (seperti batuk).
    • Ia boleh ditolak masuk semula ke dalam abdomen (reducible).
  • Angin pasang tidak surut
    • Ia boleh merupakan bonjolan besar yang mungkin sakit yang sebelum ini ada pasang surut, kemudiannya menjadi tidak boleh masuk semula ke dalam abdomen dengan sendiri atau bila ditolak masuk dengan tangan.
    • Sebahagiannya mungkin kronik iaitu telah berlaku untuk satu jangkamasa yang lama tetapi oleh kerana tidak sakit pesakit tidak mendapatkan rawatan.
    • Ia boleh menjadi strangulated hernia.
  • Angin pasang terbelit
    • Hernia ini biasanya bermula sebagai hernia tidak surut yang kemudiannya mengalami belitan pada bukaan hernia menyebabkan himpitan pada salur darah seterusnya mengakibatkan usus yang terperangkap dalam bonjolan tidak mendapat bekalan darah.
    • Biasanya pesakit mengadu sakit terutama apabila bonjolan ditekan. Boleh ada tanda-tanda usus tersumbat seperti loya, muntah dan perut menjadi kembung.
    • Pesakit boleh ada demam dan biasanya kelihatan tenat.
    • Rawatan kecemasan dan pembedahan segera perlu dilakukan.
Rawatan
Penjagaan di Rumah
Secara umum semua jenis angina pasang perlu dibedah kecuali seseorang pesakit tidak boleh menjalani pembedahan atas sebab-sebab kesihatan yang lain.
Elakkan aktiviti-aktiviti yang boleh meningkatkan tekanan dalam abdomen seperti batuk, angkat objek berat atau meneran yang boleh menyebabkan angina pasang menjadi lebih besar. Seseorang yang batuk perlu mendapatkan rawatan.
Seseorang yang meneran semasa buang air besar atau kecil perlu menjalani pemeriksaan doktor untuk mengetahui puncanya. Ia mungkin disebabkan masalah sembelit atau masalah kelenjar prostat besar (benign prostatic hyperplasia) yang perlu dirawat.
Rawatan Perubatan
Bergantung kepada samada ia boleh surut atau tidak boleh surut dan kemungkinan terbelit.
  • Angin pasang boleh surut
    • Secara umum, semua angin pasang perlu dibedah untuk mengelakkan kemungkinan komplikasi terbelit.
    • Jika pembedahan tidak boleh dilakukan atas sebab kesihatan yang lain, doktor akan selalu membuat pemeriksaan secara berkala.
    • Keadaan di mana doktor tidak melakukan pembedahan
      • Ada hernia yang mempunyai bukaan hernia yang besar di mana risiko untuk terjerut adalah sangat rendah dan pembedahan untuk menutup bukaan besar ini adalah rumit.
    • Rawatan setiap hernia adalah berbeza dan doktor akan berbincang dengan pesakit kaedah rawatan termasuk risiko dan faedah jika dibedah atau tidak.
  • Angin pasang tidak surut
    • Semua angin pasang tidak surut memerlukan rawatan kecemasan kerana risiko komplikasi terbelit.
    • Cubaan untuk surutkan atau masukkan semula angin pasang boleh dilakukan biasanya dengan bantuan ubat tahan sakit dan ubat peregang otot (muscle relaxant).
    • Jika cubaan gagal, pembedahan kecemasan perlu dilakukan.
    • Jika cubaan berjaya, rawatan seterusnya bergantung kepada jangkamasa angin pasang ini berada dalam keadaan tidak surut (irreducible).
      • Jika kandungan angin pasang adalah usus dan kemungkinan berlaku belitan dan bekalan darah ke usus yang terperangkap itu terhenti, tisu usus tersebut akan mati atau rosak ( gangrenous) dalam masa 6 jam.
      • Dalam kes angin pasang terbelit melebihi masa di atas, pembedahan dilakukan untuk melihat kerosakan tisu usus dan membaiki angin pasang .
      • Jika masa tidak surut adalah pendek dan diyakini tidak berlaku belitan dan tisu usus tidak rosak, pesakit boleh keluar wad selepas disurutkan.
    • Disebabkan angin pasang ini berisiko untuk berulang menjadi tidak surut, adalah lebih  baik pembedahan dilakukan lebih awal daripada biasa.
Kadangkala, angin pasang tidak surut ini telah berlangsung begitu lama dan menjadi kronik di mana pesakit tidak merasa sakit dan tiada tanda-tanda sumbatan usus, bagi kes seperti ini pembedahan boleh dilakukan secara elektif (mengikut jadual seperti biasa.

'via Blog this'

Monday, January 13, 2014

Surgery Practical Examination


Dear me. Please undo this mistakes. DO NOT REPEAT THEM !

Sincerely,

The idiot medic student.

I came to the department of a foreign hospital. I did not study here. Tapi, aku redha dengan apa yang akan terjadi. Sebab ini salah aku sendiri. Aku yang tak kuat untuk hadapi peperiksaan. Hari ni , aku kena hadapai semua yang kat depan mata dengan sendiri. Tak ada siapa yang akan tolong aku. Aku ibarat anak yatim. Tiada tempat nak bergantung. Tiada tempat nak mengadu. 

Malam tu, kepala agak serabut nak study yang mana satu dahulu.

Sepertimana nasihat kat sticker note aku,


" The key to success is not prioritizing your schedule, 
but rather scheduling your priorities"

Well said advice i think.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

0700 am : Went to hospital early. 

0800 am: Start taking history of each cases.

1000am : Surgery viva session commenced.

1.30 pm: Lunch break.

200pm : Viva commenced. Ortho viva started.

500pm : Instruments surgery, specimens, X-rays for ortho, simple surgery procedures, 



Long case surgery

35 year old male, Jaya, came with swelling of the right mouth and chin  for the last ____month.
Also c/o wound and halitosis in the mouth.

GPE: 
- concious , cooperative
-well built, moderately nourished
- Pallour -ve, icterus -ve, clubbing -ve, cyanosis -ve, lymphadenopathy +ve, edema -ve.









Mouth and oral cavity examination:

Inspection and palpation:

  • Nose: Normal
  • Maxilla: Normal
  • Mandible (jaw) - Right angle 3 multiple swelling , border diffused in nature, surface irregular,extent 7x5cm extending from right angle of the lip and lateral border of mandible,part of swelling covered by hair, firm on palpation, fixed to the bone, skin over swelling not pinchable.
  • Lip: Normal
  • Oral cavity: 2 ulcer wound present on the right side of buccal mucosa extending to the inferolateral border of the tongue. wound size on buccal mucosa(4x1cm). Wound on tongue (4cmx2.5cm). Both wound no discharge, covered by pus and  slough unhealthy granulation tissue,beaded(?) elevated border(?) , blood tinged discharge, no bleeding on palpation, firm on palpation, involved teeth shaky mobile upon palpation, tenderness mildly present on palpation, 
  • Gingiva: swelling , oedematous, cyanosed, tobacco stained,firm on palpation, 
  • Tongue: An oval wound present over lateral margin of the right side of the tongue, induration present, border elevated, covered with pus and serous discharge.
  • Teeth: Poor dental hygine, carries present, mobile teeth, tobacco stained.
  • Uvula: Normal, no deviation.
  • Lymph node : multiple ipsilateral nodes but all less than 6cm N2B
DDx: Carcinoma of buccal Mucosa (  Viva : Squamous Cell Carcinoma) invading the right jaw and tongue. 

Stage 4: T4,N2B,M1 




Short surgery case


A 40 year old male from kerala presents with swelling behind his back.





Inspection:

  • A diffuse swelling present over the ________(lumbar vertebra/back?)
  • Puncta present over the swelling. 
  • No discharge present.
Palpation:
  • no local rise of temperature.
  • no tenderness.
  • Cystic in nature
  • margin well defined, border not indurated,
  • Skin over swelling; not pinchable
  • Center : indented
  • Mobility: Horizontal+ve, Vertical +ve,
  • Slip sign -ve
  • Fluctuation test +ve
  • Translumination test: -ve

DDx: Sebaceous cyst/ Lipoma/

Rx: Surface excision.(?)


Surgery short case

A 30 year old female with neck swelling c/o hoarseness of voice since 1 month.
C/o pain radiating the shoulder, aggravated on drinking, relieved on medication.
No h/o headache, no h/o deafness.

Inspection: 

  • One diffuse swelling, present over the middle of the neck.
  • Size 3cmx5cm, 
  • no redness or discharge.
Palpation:
  • No local rise of temperature
  • No tenderness
  • Mobility: non mobile(fixed?)
Ddx:
 -Papillary thyroid cancer invading recurrent laryngeal nerve.(Under 45 year,female,solitary nodule,deep cx LN involved,fixed LN,) 
-Tuberculous LN
-Secondaries in neck 


Orthopaedics Short Case

A 55 year old female, Mangala from Bankart came with trauma of the right hand two month back.

HOPI: 

H/o trauma suddenly and was treated by plaster cast for 25 days. When the trauma has not been cured, she was admitted to FMH for 5 days. Plaster cast was changed for 5 days.After 1 month of care , she was sent for operation when the trauma still not cured. She c/o pain since 2 month back , and not relieved  even after treatment. H/o of decreased movement range.
c/o pain and swelling of the right wrist.


Examination of the hand

  • Irregularity of the lower end of radius ( dinner fork deformity)
  • Th styloid process came to lie at the same level / higher than the ulnar styloid process.
  • Dorsal tilt present.
  • Tenderness present

DDx: Colle's fracture complicated by Sudecks osteodystrophy(pain,swelling,stiffnessof hand after removal of plaster) 

Rx: immobilise, below elbow plaster cast for six weeks



Orthopaedics Short Case

A 65 year old male came with a  left foot drop(?) since 15 years. 

HOPI: 

H/o foot drop for 15 years, h/o leprosy  for 45 years , on medication for 5 years,
 Right leg: No sensation from middle calf to ankle, heel normal, 
Left leg: foot drop for 40 years back, decreased sensation,
Both legs have skin desquamation,No pain on both legs.
Able to walk, gait normal, left foot touching the ground.
No h/o physiotheraphy.

Examination of left leg

  • Attitude: Patient sitting on the bed, both knees same level, adducted, heels touching the floor, normal dorsiflexion of the ankle, no shortening, no swelling, skin desquamation present,no tenderness, no local rise of temperature, sensation decreased, wasting of muscles present, 
  • movement active: inability to dorsiflex  left ankle ,  both knee extension and flexion normal,
  • Movement passive: no rigidity/spasticity on both legs. left ankle in plantar flexion upon elevation of left leg above ground.
DDx: Foot drop caused by common peroneal nerve palsy affected by leprosy.



p/s: In ortho no need to write case sheets , but they ask for the paper anyway. So, just write in the paper.

Saturday, June 1, 2013

Surgery 9th term: OPD day

It's raining heavily last night.

All my targeted topics to be read hadn't been accomplished due to a huge compulsion to sleep on the bed. I was getting rest for 10minutes and fortunately my housemate woke me up at 4am telling me
to switch off the lights. The inverter wont be able to supply enough energy to illuminate the room as she has an upcoming university BDS exam today. Luckily,i managed to finish few topics before going to sahur and Subuh prayer.

We were supposed to have OPD(Out Patient Department) today. In Malaysia it would be the clinics in the government hospital or maybe there were some like these in private hospitals.Nah,I've never been to one. So,i didn't know how private hospitals works.

It seemed that no one is willing to come outside today. Hence,we the medical students were left jobless in the demonstration room. With no one to supervise and teach some surgical knowledge, here i am updating this junk blog.

My two other unitmate was deeply immersed with Greys Anatomy season 7 on tablet. The other tried to find some kind of job or things to read.

Finally,
The one and only Dr in charge,with the minions male and female PGs and two junior interns joined him in the OPD and we final year medical student finally have something to observe from the side.

I can't forget the disappointed -hopeless face when we couldn't get the answers right. Plus, he was looking at me in the eyes.Me, the one and only Malaysian and a foreigner in the batch. I supposed he had a high expectation of me. Sigh....

I need to prove them that we somehow worthy to be here and its worthwhile to spend some time teaching us. Before he can teach us something, i need to read first.

Although,i am hugely tempted of bunking the posting for the sake of university exam which will be around the corner, i need the set my priority straight. Its not about prioritizing the schedule. Instead,its scheduling the priorities you had in you life.

As for me, 8-1pm daily is reserved for final year subjects. The rest of the day, i just have to utilise each second optimumly for my carried paper subjects.

Rabbuna Yusahhil.


Do pray for my istiqamah in studies.

Amin...
 

Monday, July 2, 2012

Surgery : End Posting 9th term

Surgery end posting will soon come around the corner. What will i do?

Again, i'd like to write what i have to prepare for end posting which consist of viva  as well as case presentation.What shall i do?

First, prepare all the proforma for important topics based on Dass Surgery Clinical Manual. Reading proforma is much easier than reading right off the book.Read all the little notes you wrote.

Next, read the differential diagnosis part. You always left that particular part behind! Don't leave any SMALL printed words. It may come back to you some day somehow.

Prepare a bunch of viva questions in your mind. Don't slack off at the very last minute. Come On!! You can do it!

Practice the examination part and please remember all the test names! Don't confuse Brodie's-trendelenburgh test , Swartz and Perthe's test!

Last but not least, prepare the materials needed for physical examination. Don't forget to buy the AAA Batery for torch light!



P/S: Please read some theory part from Manipal Manual Of Surgery and SRB!!


Tuesday, June 26, 2012

Surgery : Breast Carcinoma



Today, we had a great class of breast carcinoma. It is a very important class. Dr M taught us on the do's and the dont's of breast carcinoma examination.Yeah, and he did that in between the time when patient comes in and out of the OPD. Sometimes, after listening to Medical Representatives suggesting their companies drugs to be used in OPD.After 3 postings of surgery in India, i am now adapting well to norms of system.Well,  Dr M asked us  to present the case and yada yadda we told him about patient's history,inspection and palpation of breast while he expressionlessly  nit-picking using flat toned manner with tons of viva-style questions.


Picture courtesy from Radiology Malaysia.org

Now, here we go and present the case.

Chief complaint :She complains of painful left breast  since 1 month ago.

Long case made short.

Among positive findings that we encountered are :

On inspection there is presence of single ulcer at  the left breast with multiple nodules. The breast of affected site sags and the skin of breast seems normal. The nipple of the left breast is destroyed and floor of ulcer is covered by slough and seropurulent discharge.

By palpation we could feel the hardness of the breast lump which is multiple in number,varied in size between 5mm to 1.5cm. The breast ulcer is tender  and bleeds on touch, fixed to the breast tissue and have sloping edge with indurated margin. Single solitary axillary lymph node is appreciated.

Diagnosis :

 T4b Tumour with involvement of the skin in the form of eodema,ulceration and satellite skin nodules.

N1 Mobile ipsilateral axillary lymph node.

Note: Wear gloves  and wash your hands in between patients dear doctors!

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Sunday, June 24, 2012

Surgery posting

Our teacher teaching us anatomy.

Syabas lah cikgu ni!

Penat mengajar sampai jadi tulang aje!

Wednesday, May 30, 2012

Herniotomy Step By step




  

-indicated in children with inguinal hernia & before herniorrhaphy in adults

-Procedure:

1-ligate & divide the 3 superficial veins
2-divide the external oblique aponeurosis in the direction of its fibers
3-reflect the external oblique aponeurosis &identify the ilioinguinal nerve & reflect it over the aponeurosis
4-separate the cord from posterior wall of the canal
5-divide the creamasteric muscle & internal spermatic fascia
6-dissect the hernial sac up to its neck
7-open the fundus of the sac
8-reduce the contents
9-transfix the sac at the deep ring
10-excise the redundant sac


There are different approaches to surgical repairs to hernia which may include the following:

Hernioplasty
when herniotomy is combined with a reinforced repair of the posterior inguinal canal with autogenous (patient’s own tissue) or heterogenous material such as prolene mesh.


Herniorraphy is somewhat like hernioplasty only that no autogenous or heterogenous material is used for reinforcement.

Herniotomy is a surgical operation where the hernia sac is removed without any repair of the inguinal canal.

Read more: Discussion on Hernia Repair, Herniorraphy | Res Ipsa Loquitur - OR Nurse 

*updated

Herniorrhaphy procedure: Bassini's 

Definition: It means herniotomy and approximation of conjoined tendon to inguinal ligament to strengthen the posterior wall of the inguinal canal.

Indication: Indirect  or direct hernia with good muscle tone.

Procedure

Incision: 6-8cm incision is made parallel to the inguinal ligament at the level of deep ring in the medial two thirds of the inguinal ligament. 

Layers opened: 
  • Skin
  • Two layers of superficial fascia
  • External oblique is incised in the line of direction fibres till external ring is open.
  • Thin cremasteric box is opened.
  • Identification of the sac
  1. - glistening white colour,
  2. Isolate the cord from the sac by blunt and sharp dissection.The cord is held separately by using cord holding forceps.
  3. The sac is mobilise upto the deep ring. Mobilisation is complete when inferior epigastric artery pulsations and extraperitoneal pad of fat are seen.
  4. The sac is opened and contents are examined.
  5. The contents are reduced.
  6. Twist the sac to avoid injury to the contents.
  7. Transfixation ligature is applied as high as possible at the neck of sac and it is tightened.
  8.  Excision of the sac: After excision , see the excised sac and see whether omentum or intestine have been injured.Up to this stage , it is called as HERNIOTOMY.
Repair


  • Conjoined tendon above is approximated to the inguinal ligament below by using nonabsorbable suture such as Nylon, Silk  or Sutupack.
  • Nonabsorbable suture is used so that its strength remaines for a long time. This repair is called BASSINI'S HERNIORRHAPHY.
Closure
  • External oblique is sutured with chromic catgut or silk.
  • Subcutaneous fat absorbable catgut suture.
  • Skin with silk.
Post -op
  • NPO fro 6-8 hours, oral fluids and soft diet later.
  • Analgesics
  • Antibiotics
  • Scrotal support if the dissection is more(complete hernia)
  • Suture removal after 7-10days.
Post-op complications
  • Haematoma
  • Wound infection
  • Severe peritonitis pubis
  • nerve entrapment causing pain. 

Source: Shenoy Nileshwar Manipal Manual surgery.


 
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